The Associative and Commutative Properties

There are several mathematical properties that are used in statistics and probability; two of these, the commutative and associative properties, are generally associated with the basic arithmetic of integers, rationals, and real numbers, though they also show up in more advanced mathematics. These properties—the commutative and the associative—are very similar and can be easily mixed up. For that reason, it is important to understand the difference between the two. The commutative property concerns the order of certain mathematical operations. For a binary operation—one that involves only two elements—this can be shown by the equation a b b a. The operation is commutative because the order of the elements does not affect the result of the operation. The associative property, on the other hand, concerns the grouping of elements in an operation. This can be shown by the equation (a b) c a (b c). The grouping of the elements, as indicated by the parentheses, does not affect the result of the equation. Note that when the commutative property is used, elements in an equation are rearranged. When the associative property is used, elements are merely regrouped. Commutative Property Simply put, the commutative property states that the factors in an equation can be rearranged freely without affecting the outcome of the equation. The commutative property, therefore, concerns itself with the ordering of operations, including the addition and multiplication of real numbers, integers, and rational numbers. For example, the numbers 2, 3, and 5 can be added together in any order without affecting the final result: 2 3 5 10 3 2 5 10 5 3 2 10 The numbers can likewise be multiplied in any order without affecting the final result: 2 x 3 x 5 30 3 x 2 x 5 30 5 x 3 x 2 30 Subtraction and division, however, are not operations that can be commutative because the order of operations is important. The three numbers above cannot, for example, be subtracted in any order without affecting the final value: 2 - 3 - 5 -6 3 - 5 - 2 -4 5 - 3 - 2 0 As a result, the commutative property can be expressed through the equations a b b a and a x b b x a. No matter the order of the values in these equations, the results will always be the same. Associative Property The associative property states that the grouping of factors in an operation can be changed without affecting the outcome of the equation. This can be expressed through the equation a (b c) (a b) c. No matter which pair of values in the equation is added first, the result will be the same. For example, take the equation 2 3 5. No matter how the values are grouped, the result of the equation will be 10: (2 3) 5 (5) 5 10 2 (3 5) 2 (8) 10 As with the commutative property, examples of operations that are associative include the addition and multiplication of real numbers, integers, and rational numbers. However, unlike the commutative property, the associative property can also apply to matrix multiplication and function composition. Like commutative property equations, associative property equations cannot contain the subtraction of real numbers. Take, for example, the arithmetic problem (6 – 3) – 2 3 – 2 1; if we change the grouping of the parentheses, we have 6 – (3 – 2) 6 – 1 5, which changes the final result of the equation. What Is the Difference? We can tell the difference between the associative and the commutative property by asking the question, â€Å"Are we changing the order of the elements, or are we changing the grouping of the elements?† If the elements are being reordered, then the commutative property applies. If the elements are only being regrouped, then the associative property applies. However, note that the presence of parentheses alone does not necessarily mean that the associative property applies. For instance: (2 3) 4 4 (2 3) This equation is an example of the commutative property of addition of real numbers. If we pay careful attention to the equation, though, we see that only the order of the elements has been changed, not the grouping. For the associative property to apply, we would have to rearrange the grouping of the elements as well: (2 3) 4 (4 2) 3

Summary and Comment on Animal Farm (6th Grade) - 965 Words

The book ‘The Animal Farm’ is a cleverly written book by George Orwell, which was first published in 1945. The time in which the book’s happenings play is not very specific, but can be concluded to the early 20th century in a farm house of rural England. In this book George Orwell describes the negative sides of communism by using different animals on a farm to substitute the different ranks and positions of people in a communist country. This fictional story features quite a few main characters such as Mr. Jones, Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer. Mr. Jones is the owner of the Manor Farm, later to be called Animal Farm after the animals conquered the farm and chased the former owner away. Snowball and Napoleon, the pigs, are the leaders†¦show more content†¦More often laws are being changed such as ‘No animal shall drink alcohol in excess’. The pigs act more and more like humans, which strongly violates against the idea of Animalism. They even start relations between neighboring farms and invite them to take a closer look at the farm. The story ends when the animals realize the 7 commandments have been shortened to ‘All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others’. The pigs dine in the farm house with the guest farmers, leaving the other animals outside who can’t tell the difference between the pigs and the farmers. Obviously George Orwell parodies communism in whole, using animals to substitute different characters that play a role in communist history, such as Napoleons and Snowballs predecessor Mr. Jones who substitutes Czar Nicholas the second. Napoleon obviously is the substitute for Joseph Stalin and his rival Snowball who’s in the place of Leo Trotsky, who was banished from communist Russia. Old Major, the founder of ‘Animalism’ is of course Karl Marx, the founder of the communist idea. The book was a good read because it was interesting to look at the history of communism in a complete different aspect and point of view. In whole the book was quite well written; there was always something new happening in every chapter and every happening in theShow MoreRelatedBusiness Enterprise Management10394 Words   |  42 Pagesentrepreneur Alexander Amosu, founder of Urban Ringtones . (4.10.09) Sarah Cooper working an ACE day for year 7 pupils at the University of Sunderland. Sarah Cooper, K NEX hands on learning for tutors OCN level 2 (15.01.10) Executive Summary This paper sets out to explore the implication of entrepreneurial, innovative and creative theory. Chapter 1 of the report defines entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity and identifies the different processes of each. This examination hasRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesï ¬ ve years as the Chief Reader for the Advanced Placement Statistics Exam and currently chairs the American Statistical Association’s Joint Committee with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on Curriculum in Statistics and Probability for Grades K–12. In addition to her texts in introductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th edition. OutsideRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageseffective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learningRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratioRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods andRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWhat Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal AssessmentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNetworked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from FailureRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. Despite these endeavors, the levels of domestic and international violence within human populations and the ravages visited upon animals and the natural world by humans vastly exceeded that of any previous era in history. In a century where human communities globally and individuals locally had the potential to be much more intensely connected by new communications technologiesRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesLibrary of Girro@qq.com iv Preface In addition, we have retained several features from previous editions: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Margin icons to note key concepts Key terms listed at the end of each chapter Example problems within the chapters Chapter summaries Questions and problems at the end of each chapter APPROACH AND ORGANIZATION Materials management means different things to different people. In this textbook, materials management includes all activities in the flow of materials from the supplierRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagessupervised. organic structure An organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and ï ¬ rst-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected. Summary and Review In this chapter we examined the evolution of management theory and research over the last century. Much of the material in the rest of this book stems from developments and reï ¬ nements of this work. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY The

Health And Health Care System - 1336 Words

Good health can be seen as important contribution of a high function thriving society. Health is defined in many ways; however I particularly identify with the World Health Organization definition of health as the state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not just the lack of disease. The way the United States perceives health reflects throughout the health care system. Throughout recent years there has been several comparisons with other countries which I believe are important in pin pointing the advantaged disadvantages of health care system. With notions of the United States health system and information on other countries health system I have formulated ideas for what I believe to be my ideal health care system. As a†¦show more content†¦With an ideal plan people will finance their own health care services according to financial brackets with serval factors for example income and employment status can determines actual cost. Everyone in some way should pay the cost of health services. Current health policies like social security have individuals fund others current health care with hope that there’s will be funded in their own time. My ideal health coverage would tax people for their current health care needs with cost determined by several factors. Regulations for insurers and providers guarantees allocation of services. This idea is very similar to the way the Danish publicly according to the commonwealth fund, financed health care through a centrally collected health tax set at 8% of taxable income which then the government reallocates through the nation. In other words the government should regulate health care system mandating coverage for everyone, ensuring access, quality and services through insures and providers. The nation would be taxed and funds would be pulled and allocated as necessary. The difference in cost should be funded through penalties and other patient fees for selective health services. Government grants should be used to provide children with health coverage until the appropriate age where responsibility is assumed by the individual or family. As previously stated the countries perspective on health has much to do with theShow MoreRelatedU.s. Health Care System1329 Words   |  6 PagesHatfield August 10, 2015 The Canadian system is often considered the model for the U.S. health care system. Both countries health care systems are very different-Canada has a single-payer, mostly publicly-funded system, while the U.S. has a multi-payer, profoundly private system but both countries appear to be similar and suggesting that it might be possible that the U.S. to clone the Canadian health system. Much of the appeal of the Canadian system is that it seems to do more for less. 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Health Care System1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe U.S. health care system is perhaps one of the most complex and plastic industries present within the current world economy. With a projected market sector value of $3,455.1 billion by the end of 2016 the U.S. health care providers market represents a significant portion of the economy (â€Å"Research and Markets; Healthcare Providers in the United States,† 2012). For someone that finds themselves in the position of management it is certainly an orthodox presumption that they incorporate into theirRead MoreHealth Care System Of Taiwan1386 Words   |  6 Pages Health Care System of Taiwan in Comparison to the United States Health Care System Melissa Weiss Saginaw Valley State University Author Note This paper was prepared for Health Policy and Regulation 250, Online, taught by Professor Jan Sternberg. 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The role of the governments in all countries is by providing security, services, and well-being of their populations, and every country has policy to provide the best healthcare services for their people. Thus, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Article 25 assures that: â€Å"(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, includingRead MoreCanada s Health Care System931 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining the health of the nation is one of the priorities of societies throughout the world. Canada s health care system is an essential value for Canadians because it provides them equal rights when getting access to government-funded medical care. However, the system is a subject to severe criticism. A variety of factors, such as technological development, an aging population, and economic climate are a heavy burden on the health care budget. This, in turn, leads to limitation of certain typesRead MoreHealth Care Systems Of Israel And Australia915 Words   |  4 PagesIsrael and Australia both have very similar health care systems, both healthcare systems charge people through their income taxes. The health care systems consists of institutions, and resources that deliver health car e services to meet the health needs of target populations. Australia’s and Israel’s health care system has both a public sector and private sector, However Australia has Medicare that helps subsides some of the cost that some medical procedures may cost as well as prescription medications

Lenins Economic Policies - 1093 Words

New economic policy (NEP) NEP era advertizement It was an idea based on ambition and imagination; an idea that worked so well, it managed to drag an entire country out of starvation and chaos and drive it onto the road to quick economic and industrial recovery. It created capitalism in a socialist state and cabaret-style debauchery under a military-communist regime. And like many other great yet paradoxical projects, perhaps, the Soviet Union’s New Economic Policy of the 1920s was too visionary to remain sustainable for long. Preconditions The year is 1921. Russia has just survived two revolutions, WWI and the Civil War. Not only the last royal family but the entire empire is gone, executed and left to deteriorate. Significant†¦show more content†¦In just five years Russia’s production grew by three times and surpassed pre-war, Tsar-era figures. At one point the ruble became stronger than both the US dollar and the Royal pound. Although, ironically, foreign trade was conducted using old Imperial golden coins which pictured not Soviet symbols but Tsar Nicholas II who was executed by the same communists in 1918. But, perhaps, the experiment, no matter how successful it was turning out to be, was already doomed. Lenin’s death NEP era poster Lenin’s health began worsening almost from the start of the NEP. He had a first stroke in May 1922 followed by a second one in March 1923 that heavily damaged the communist leader’s brain. Perhaps, realizing he didn’t have much time left, Lenin began looking for a possible successor and put together personal characteristics of some of the Party’s most prominent figures of the time, including Trotsky and Stalin. Lenin warned that giving Jospeh Stalin the seat as the Party’s secretary general would give him too much power which, according to Lenin, would be dangerous due to Stalin’s crude temper. But the hidden fight for power was already in full swing. By the fall of 1923 Stalin began openly forcing Trotsky away from power, turning the Party against him. Lenin died in January 1924 and by December the same year Trotsky was removed from all commanding posts while Stalin’s political weight gained strong momentum. The end of the NEP Stalin quickly beganShow MoreRelatedLenins New Economic Policy: A Study of Short and Long Term Viability2208 Words   |  9 PagesThe New Economic Policy instituted by Vladimir Lenin in 1922 was seen as a necessary evil in order to maintain power in the Soviet Union. While most historians agree with Lenin’s assessment and believe that without the change the entire Soviet economy would have collapsed there is a wide range of thoughts on the true effectiveness of the NEP. This paper will look at the progression of the NEP and the differing views Bolshevik leaders had on it as well as the perceived effectiveness of the limitedRead MoreStalin‚Äà ´s rise to power and his Key Domestic Policies1327 Words   |  6 Pagespower and the success of his Domestic policies. In April, Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik party returned from exile. His April thesis was popular with the people through his communist ideology and popular slogans â€Å"All power to the soviets† and â€Å"Peace, Bread, Land.† In November a second revolution, organised by Trotsky overthrew the provisional government (Todd, 2002). Lenin adopted a plan to help Russia back on its feet; the New Economic Policy (NEP); encouraging private enterpriseRead MoreLenin s The Bolshevik Party1270 Words   |  6 Pagessocialism with relative ease. In Lenin’s ‘April Theses,’ published after his return to Russia, he advocated for a transfer of all state power â€Å"to the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the peasants. † When compared to the positions of Lenin’s fellow Bolsheviks in April of 1917, he appeared radically committed to Marxist ideology. Indeed, Suny states that â€Å"until Lenin returned from exile, most Bolsheviks were willing to support the new government and the policies of the soviet†¦ Lenin explodedRead MoreDid Lenin Lead to Stalin? Examine the Elements of Change and Continuity Within Soviet Russia 1917-1941.1369 Words   |  6 Pagesobvious, but also had continuing repercussions for decades. This essay will argue that although Lenin and Stalin seemed to have conflicting views, in reality they shared very similar policies; Stalin j ust took these policies to an extreme. There was a rather significant continuity between Lenin and Stalin’s policies on Political Control. When the Bolsheviks first came in to power Lenin banned Liberal parties who where seen as a threat and later banned all parties including the Social Revolutionaries’Read MoreLenin s Legacy Of The Soviet Revolution1531 Words   |  7 PagesLenin’s Legacy â€Å"History will not forgive Revolutionaries for procrastinating when they could be victorious today, while they risk losing much tomorrow, in fact, they risk losing everything† (Vladimir Lenin. Call to Power). Lenin was a persistent Russian ruler who wished to instill his communist views in Russian society at all costs. He was influential in motivating his followers to rise up and overthrow Russia’s weak government which lead to the reformation of Russia’s weak economy. Although LeninRead MoreThe Progression from Leninism to Stalinism Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences in policy. But in spite of these, Stalinism still found its basis in Leninism. Even Trotsky, a friend of Lenin and a staunch opponent of Stalin, grudgingly admits that Stalinism did issue from Bolshevism (Trotsky). Stalins policy of socialism in one country, his use of terror to eliminate opposition, and his suppression of democracy and the soviets were all characteristics of Lenin w ell before they were characteristic of Stalin. Although some of Stalins policies were differentRead MoreThe Triumph of the Bolsheviks Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pageswere responsible for many economic declines. This led to many arduous problems in which the Bolsheviks had to go through great triumphs in order to overcome them. Despite their success, they went through great struggle because of their somewhat obstinate yet determined behavior. In November 1917, a revolution took place in order to overthrow the Provisional Government. This brought the Bolsheviks to power, as Lenin had launched a series of policies to win the support ofRead MoreHow Successful Was Lenins Attempt to Create an Alternative Modernity in Russia by 1929?830 Words   |  4 PagesHow successful was Lenin’s attempt to create an alternative modernity in Russia by 1929? Overview The aim of this essay is to discuss how successful Lenin’s policies were in his attempt to create an alternative modernity in Russia by his death in 1924. By scrutinizing his actions and their individual impacts in relation to the desired modernity, historians can assess whether Lenin achieved the socialist dream he sought for. I will break down the essay into three components from which I can individuallyRead MoreAnalyse the Methods Used by One Single Party State Ruler in His Successful Bid for Power815 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical manipulation and demanding policies who would stop at nothing to achieve his goals. However, the question of the legitimacy of his position as leader of the Bolshevik party still remains. Following the death of Lenin in 1924, a power vacuum developed within the Bolshevik party and it was clear that a leadership race between candidates had begun. Stalin was able to rise above men like Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev to launch into new economic poli cies, collectivisation and industrialisationRead MoreRussia s Revolutionary Fabric : Lenin1599 Words   |  7 PagesRussia’s Revolutionary Fabric: Lenin Lenin believed in a distinctly violent revolutionary ideology. Lenin claimed that he strictly followed Marxism, yet his policies and actions did not reflect it. One need only to read Lenin’s What is to be Done? and contrast it with Marx’s The Manifesto of the Communist Party to note the stark differences between their ideologies. Lenin believed that the working class could not reach class consciousness – the realization that capitalism exploits the working class

Genetherapy Essay Research Paper Gene TherapyGene therapy free essay sample

Genetherapy Essay, Research Paper Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the usage of cistrons and the techniques of familial technology in the intervention of a familial upset or chronic disease. There are many techniques of cistron therapy. The two basic methods are called in vivo and ex vivo cistron therapy. The in vivo method inserts genetically altered cistrons straight into the patient ; the ex vivo method removes tissue from the patient, extracts the cells in inquiry, and genetically alters them before returning them to the patient. The challenge of cistron therapy is the development of a agencies to present the familial stuff into the karyon of the appropriate cells, so that it will be reproduced in the normal class of cell division and have a permanent consequence. One technique involves taking cells from a patient, strengthening them with healthy transcripts of the faulty cistron, and reinjecting them into the patient. Another involves infixing a cistron into an inactivated or nonvirulent virus and utilizing the virus? s morbific capablenesss to transport the coveted cistron into the patient? s cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetherapy Essay Research Paper Gene TherapyGene therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A liposome, a bantam fat-encased pouch that can track cell membranes, is besides sometimes used to transport a cistron into a organic structure cell. Another attack using liposomes, called chimeraplasty, involves the interpolation of manufactured nucleic acid molecules ( chimeraplasts ) alternatively of full cistrons to rectify disease-causing cistron mutants. Once inserted, the cistron may bring forth an indispensable chemical that the patient? s organic structure can non, take or render harmless a substance or cistron doing disease, or expose certain cells, particularly cancerous cells, to assail by conventional drugs. Gene therapy was foremost used in worlds in 1990 to handle a kid with adenosine deaminase lack ( ADA ) , a rare familial immune upset. It is hoped that cistron therapy can be used to handle malignant neoplastic disease, familial diseases, and AIDS, but there are concerns that the immune system may assail cells treated by cistron therapy, that the viral vectors could mutate and go virulent, or that altered cistrons might be passed to wining coevalss. In the United States, cistron therapy techniques must be approved by the federal authorities. The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of the National Institutes of Health oversees cistron therapy experiments. Like drugs, merchandises must go through the demands of the Food and Drug Administration. Gene therapy is a competitory and potentially moneymaking field, and patents have been awarded for certain techniques. Bibliography J. Lyon and P. Gorner, Altered Fates: Gene Therapy and the Retooling of Human Life ( 1995 ) .

Human Behavior in Organization Introduction free essay sample

Human Behavior in Organization Topic:*Nature amp; Scope of Human Behavior in Organization (HBO) *Key Behavioral Science Assumptions Reporter:Khimberly L. Macapagal, RN Schedule:MSN I-B 7:30-5:00pm Importance of HBO gt; To know how people, as individuals and as groups act within the organization. Human behavior in an organization determines the quality of work, progress and success of the organization. No machine and no computer can work by itself. No product is developed and manufactured by itself. Its the workforce or rather the human resources of an organization who develop ideas, create services and then deliver them to the clients. Thus, it is important for the management of an organization to analyze the behavior of its entire work force. Every organization differs from the other with respect to its policies, work environment, recruitment process, job evaluation and culture. The organization must treat its work force with immense dignity and respect and provide sufficient compensation. The work force must be treated as an asset, not a liability, and once this is done you will notice remarkable change in the collective human behavior. Apart from the internal environment, the external personal environment plays a major role in his/her behavior and attitude. We are social animals with unique aspirations, hopes, insecurities. Only those who enjoy their work can have a healthy balance between personal and professional life. Those who dont enjoy their work will most likely not be satisfied with the work nor be content in their personal life due to the imbalance that exists. Scope of HBO Human behavior is a challenging in every aspect. It not only deals to with the changing human nature but also a different behavior with respect to time. The scope of human behavior is very huge. It has very large area of research. It can have wide impact on people and society. The nature of understanding human behavior is not an easy topic for the discussion. Anyone who is interested has to go through many research on understanding the brain functionality together with the model of modeling such behavior. Nature of HBO * Individual Difference * Perception * A Whole Person Desire for Involvement * Value of the Person * Motivated Behavior Key Behavioral Science Assumptions I. Leadership of People 1. Skeptics are my best friends. People support what they help create. 3. Assumptions amp; Thoughts -gt;  Behavior -gt;  Consequences: (ABCDE)  Desired vs. Experienced—Unintended Consequences. 4. Peer pressure works quite well—there are always natural/informal leaders. 5. Consistency and integrity are the most important leadership behaviors to employees. 6. Give credit to others—let them give it to you. 7. Praise in public, criticize in private. . The troops eat first. 9. Start tight—then you can loosen up (Leadership 101). II. Change 1. Change has predictable behaviors (The Rollercoaster of Change). 2. The Rollercoaster of Change is natural, normal, and highly predictable. 3. People are naturally more energized and motivated if they are delegated an entire (whole) job with direct customer contact—Plan, Do, Control. 4. You cannot change others, only yourself—your reactions and your own behavior towards others. 5. If you find it hard to change your behavior and habits, think how hard it is for others to change. 6. Fear does not motivate people to really change, especially long term on their own. They just move enough to respond to the perceived threat. 7. Organizations are dependency models at the lowest level of maturity. Most adults have risen above it to the independent or interdependent maturity level. 8. Dont burn bridges or treat others with anything but dignity and respect—what goes around eventually comes around back to you. 9. The main question to ask in any situation is,  Are we making progress (towards our goals)?   Are we making continuous improvement? Do we have problems and are they getting better? I. Individuals 1. People dislike surprises. (Confidentiality is a myth anyway. ) 2. I want input into decisions that effect me before the decision is final (do it  with  me, not  to  me). 3. Whats In It For Me? (WIIFM). We are all goal directed. 4. Saying Im sorry or youre right or I apologize are some of the toughest words to say in the English language—but honesty builds trust. 5. If you see or discover a mistake or wrong action, you are now part of the problem. You have only two choices: collude to be part of it or work to change it. Ignoring it is to collude to allow it to happen again. . Honoring the past allows for and frees me up to change in the future. 7. Having integrity gives you power—the power of honesty, the power of directness, and the power of trust. 8. You cannot injure or hurt my self esteem without my permission and collusion. Know where your limits and where your line of self-esteem are—protect them and dont let others cross your line . 9. By understanding and empathizing with others first, you have then earned the right to disagree with them as a  royal skeptic. I. Theorists 1. Freud was right:   Rewards and consequences and fears do drive behavior. . Skinner was right:   Positive behavioral reinforcement works better than negative. 3. Freud was right:   Most people avoid conflict and pain like the plague. 4. Maslow was right:   We have a  Hierarchy of Needs: 1. Food, clothing, and shelter, 2. Safety and security, 3. Belongingness and love, which must be met for 4. Esteem, self esteem, and then 5. Self-actualization to fully blossom! I. Learning and Simplicity 1. Our retention fades fast—we need booster shots (4 times) with reinforcement regularly to retain new learnings and behaviors. 2. Adults learn best by doing. (Struggling accelerates the learning. ) 3. Root causes are delayed in time and space—search for them. 4. We become more complex and set in our ways over time (complexity vs. simplicity). 5. Simplicity wins the Game of Change every time. 6. Feedback is a gift—the breakfast of champions—be open to it, model it for others. Central Luzon Doctors’ Hospital Educational Institution Graduate School Department Master of Science in Nursing Course Title:Human Behavior in O rganization Topic:Concepts and Principles of Human Behavior By: Francis Robert R. Lim Behavior a response of an individual or group to an action, environment, person, or stimulus. * the manner of conducting oneself. * observable activity in a human or animal. The aggregate of responses to internal and external stimuli. A stereotyped species-specific activity, as a courtship dance * the action or reaction of any material under given circumstances. * manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting ones self; conduct; deportment; carriage; used also of inanimate objects; as, the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle. Human Behavior The capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and social activities experienced during the five stages of a human beings life prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Includes the behaviors as dictated by culture, society, values, morals, ethics, and genetics. Human Behavior in Organization * The workers activities are activities of humans and are therefore an essential part of humanity. These activities have at least five dimensions, on the main aspects that must be considered in the analysis of work, and all the employee needs to be entrepreneur and feel accomplished for production: Technical aspects involves issues relating to place of work and adjustment physiological and sociological. * Physiological aspects is the degree of adaptation man place of work Physical environment and the problem of fatigue the human being is not a machine and does not work like a machine. * Moral aspect considers the skills, the motivation, the degree of awareness, satisfaction and the intimate relationship between work activity and personality the work is an extension of personality, is how a person measures his worth and his humanity. Social aspect considers the specific issues in the working environment and external factors such as family, social class, etc.. * Economic aspect as the production of wealth the work is a way of life. Principles of Human Behavior * Human beha viour can be identified as the result of attempts to satisfy certain needs. These needs can be simple and easy to understand such as the need of food, water and shelter. However it can also be complex such as the need of respect or acceptance. Leadership and human behaviour work hand in hand. To   be   a   successful   leader,   you   must   understand   your people and work with   them   to   resolve   their   problems. By examining human behavior, we can expand the knowledge we need to better understand people. Human behaviour study helps us understand why people act and react in certain ways. Leadership and Human Behavior Preferences: * As a leader in order to accomplish your goals, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others; whose support your needs to accomplish the goals. To gain their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature. Values,  beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs * Basic Needs * are physiological, such as food, water, sleep and psychological, such as affection, security, and self-esteem. * Metaneeds *   These include justice, goodness, beauty, order, unity, etc. Basic needs normally take priority over these Meta needs. A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behaviour as long as the needs below it have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will dominate unsatisfied higher needs and must be satisfied before the person can climb up the hierarchy. So in order to be successful leaders of tomorrow, leaders have to fulfil the basic needs which are physiological needs, safety and belonging. Central Luzon Doctors’ Hospital Educational Institution Graduate School Department Master of Science in Nursing.